import ipywidgets as widgets  # interactive control objects
import sys  # interaction with the python runtime environment
from IPython.display import display  # Public API for display tools in IPython (rich representations of objects)
from IPython.display import clear_output 
from ipywidgets import interact

def square(x):
    return x * x

interact(square, x=10);

mcq=[['The amount of gas exhaled after a maximal inpiration followed by a maximal expiration is the:',['IC','RV','VC','TV'],'VC'],
['The amount of gas in the lungs after a maximal inspiration is the:',['IC','IRV','TLC'],'TLC'],
['Where does gas exchange occur?',['pulmonary artery','bronchioles','alveoli', 'pleura'],'alveoli'],
['The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.', ['visceral and parietal pleurae', 'mediastinal and parietal pleurae', 'visceral and mediastinal pleurae', 'none of the above'], 'visceral and parietal pleurae']]

n=0

def askQuestion(n):
    stem=mcq[n][0]
    distractors=mcq[n][1] 
    key=mcq[n][2]

    if key not in distractors:
        distractors.append(key)

    key_index = distractors.index(key)

    radio_options = [(words, i) for i, words in enumerate(distractors)]

    RB_thingy = widgets.RadioButtons(
        options = radio_options,
        discription='',
        value=None,
        disabled = False
    )  

    stem_out = widgets.Output()
    with stem_out:
        print(stem)

    feedback_out = widgets.Output()

    def check_selection(b):
        a = int(RB_thingy.value)
        if a==key_index:
            s = '\x1b[6;30;42m' + "Correct." + '\x1b[0m' +"\n" #green color
            
        else:
            s = '\x1b[5;30;41m' + "Try again. " + '\x1b[0m' +"\n" #red color               
        with feedback_out:
            clear_output()  # clear the output of the current cell receiving output
            print(s)
        return    

    check = widgets.Button(description="submit")
    check.on_click(check_selection)    
   
    display(widgets.VBox([stem_out, RB_thingy, check, feedback_out]))

while n < len(mcq):
    askQuestion(n)
    n+=1

Care to check your understanding using this interactive QUIZ? Your score will not be recorded, or viewed by anyone else. This quiz widget may load slowly sometimes, especially the first time.

^{All emojis designed by OpenMoji – the open-source emoji and icon project. License: CC BY-SA 4.0}

Physiological concepts to understand...

It will help you to internalise these volumes and capacities if you actually adjust your breathing to match what you are reading about in this section. For instance, when you read the line about total Lung Capacity then breathe in as much as you can. Then breathe it all out when you read the next line about Vital capacity...

Total Lung capacity (TLC) is the amount of gas in the lungs after a maximal inspiration.

Vital capacity (VC) is the amount of gas exhaled after a maximal inpiration followed by a maximal expiration.

The Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration (20% of TLC).

VC + RV = TLC

Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of gas moved during normal breathing (7-8% of TLC).

The Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of gas an individual can inhale above a tidal inspiration (60% of TLC).

The Expiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of gas that can be exhaled beyond a tidal expiration (20% of TLC).

TV + IRV + ERV = TLC

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (40% of TLC).

The Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the total amount of gas that can be inhaled starting at a tidal expiration (60% TLC).

IC = TV + IRV

The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration.

FRC = ERV + RV

Forced expiratory volume (FEV) measures the volume of air exhaled with maximal forced effort from a maximal inspiration. The amount of air exhaled may be measured during the first (FEV1), second (FEV2), and/or third seconds (FEV3) of the forced breath.

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test.

Relationship between VC & FVC: VC is similar to the FVC, but the manoeuvre is not forced and it is performed in a relaxed manner, except near the end-inspiration and end-expiration.

spirometry is a ventilatory pulmonary function test that measures FEV1 in litres, FVC in litres, VC in litres and calculates FEV1/VCas a perrcentage.

You can rate these pages by going to the the rating page. This uses an interactive widget. Don't forget that widgets load slowly sometimes, especially the first time. You can wait, go back, or try clearing the browser cache if the delay is unnacceptable.

^{^{the openStax text book - access for free OpenStax, a nonprofit educational initiative based at Rice University}}

Table of Contents

CD 1.1 Adults with respiritory problems - level 2

CD1 1.1.1 (L2) Anatomy & Physiology

CD! 1.1.2 (L) Assessment

Respiritory system noises

Wheeze (high pitch)

Wheeze (low pitch) aka Rhonchi

Coarse Crackles aka Rales (low pitch rales)

Stridor

Pleural rub

Fine Crackles aka Rales (high pitch rales)

Physiological concepts to understand...